diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/2ch.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/2ch.py
index ab55e2cf..81a0a694 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/2ch.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/2ch.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class _2chThreadExtractor(Extractor):
 
     def __init__(self, match):
         tld = match[1]
-        self.root = f"https://2ch.{'org' if tld == 'hk' else tld}"
+        self.root = "https://2ch." + ("org" if tld == "hk" else tld)
         Extractor.__init__(self, match)
 
     def items(self):
@@ -71,14 +71,14 @@ class _2chBoardExtractor(Extractor):
 
     def __init__(self, match):
         tld = match[1]
-        self.root = f"https://2ch.{'su' if tld == 'hk' else tld}"
+        self.root = "https://2ch." + ("org" if tld == "hk" else tld)
         Extractor.__init__(self, match)
 
     def items(self):
         base = f"{self.root}/{self.groups[1]}"
 
         # index page
-        url = f"{base}/index.json"
+        url = base + "/index.json"
         index = self.request_json(url)
         index["_extractor"] = _2chThreadExtractor
         for thread in index["threads"]:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/arcalive.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/arcalive.py
index 4287e7d4..d48e4f5a 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/arcalive.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/arcalive.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class ArcalivePostExtractor(ArcaliveExtractor):
                 url = src
 
             fallback = ()
-            query = f"?type=orig&{query}"
+            query = "?type=orig&" + query
             if orig := text.extr(media, 'data-orig="', '"'):
                 path, _, ext = url.rpartition(".")
                 if ext != orig:
@@ -169,8 +169,11 @@ class ArcaliveAPI():
             return data
 
         self.log.debug("Server response: %s", data)
-        msg = f": {msg}" if (msg := data.get("message")) else ""
-        raise exception.AbortExtraction(f"API request failed{msg}")
+        if msg := data.get("message"):
+            msg = "API request failed: " + msg
+        else:
+            msg = "API request failed"
+        raise exception.AbortExtraction(msg)
 
     def _pagination(self, endpoint, params, key):
         while True:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/arena.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/arena.py
index ada2fa1d..6f3fa96d 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/arena.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/arena.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ class ArenaChannelExtractor(GalleryExtractor):
     example = "https://are.na/evan-collins-1522646491/cassette-futurism"
 
     def metadata(self, page):
-        channel = self.request_json(
-            f"https://api.are.na/v2/channels/{self.groups[0]}")
+        url = "https://api.are.na/v2/channels/" + self.groups[0]
+        channel = self.request_json(url)
 
         channel["date"] = self.parse_datetime_iso(
             channel["created_at"])
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/artstation.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/artstation.py
index f1b55ce8..9c0f5ed4 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/artstation.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/artstation.py
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class ArtstationExtractor(Extractor):
             if not self.external:
                 return
             asset["extension"] = "mp4"
-            return f"ytdl:{url}"
+            return "ytdl:" + url
 
         self.log.debug(player)
         self.log.warning("Failed to extract embedded player URL (%s)",
@@ -328,9 +328,9 @@ class ArtstationChallengeExtractor(ArtstationExtractor):
 
     def items(self):
         base = f"{self.root}/contests/_/challenges/{self.challenge_id}"
-        challenge_url = f"{base}.json"
-        submission_url = f"{base}/submissions.json"
-        update_url = f"{self.root}/contests/submission_updates.json"
+        challenge_url = base + ".json"
+        submission_url = base + "/submissions.json"
+        update_url = self.root + "/contests/submission_updates.json"
 
         challenge = self.request_json(challenge_url)
         yield Message.Directory, "", {"challenge": challenge}
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ class ArtstationSearchExtractor(ArtstationExtractor):
                     "value" : value.split(","),
                 })
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/api/v2/search/projects.json"
+        url = self.root + "/api/v2/search/projects.json"
         data = {
             "query"            : self.query,
             "page"             : None,
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ class ArtstationArtworkExtractor(ArtstationExtractor):
         return {"artwork": self.query}
 
     def projects(self):
-        url = f"{self.root}/projects.json"
+        url = self.root + "/projects.json"
         return self._pagination(url, self.query.copy())
 
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/bellazon.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/bellazon.py
index 9757f487..b9ec3d96 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/bellazon.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/bellazon.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class BellazonExtractor(Extractor):
     archive_fmt = "{post[id]}/{id}_{filename}"
 
     def items(self):
-        native = (f"{self.root}/", f"{self.root[6:]}/")
+        native = (self.root + "/", self.root[6:] + "/")
         extract_urls = text.re(
             r'(?s)<('
             r'(?:video .*?<source [^>]*?src|a [^>]*?href)="([^"]+).*?</a>'
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class BellazonExtractor(Extractor):
                         dc["extension"] = text.ext_from_url(url)
 
                     if url[0] == "/":
-                        url = f"https:{url}"
+                        url = "https:" + url
                     yield Message.Url, url, dc
 
                 else:
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ class BellazonExtractor(Extractor):
                     yield Message.Queue, url, data
 
     def _pagination(self, base, pnum=None):
-        base = f"{self.root}{base}"
+        base = self.root + base
 
         if pnum is None:
-            url = f"{base}/"
+            url = base + "/"
             pnum = 1
         else:
             url = f"{base}/page/{pnum}/"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class BellazonExtractor(Extractor):
             url = f"{base}/page/{pnum}/"
 
     def _pagination_reverse(self, base, pnum=None):
-        base = f"{self.root}{base}"
+        base = self.root + base
 
         url = f"{base}/page/{'9999' if pnum is None else pnum}/"
         with self.request(url) as response:
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class BellazonExtractor(Extractor):
             if pnum > 1:
                 url = f"{base}/page/{pnum}/"
             elif pnum == 1:
-                url = f"{base}/"
+                url = base + "/"
             else:
                 return
 
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ class BellazonPostExtractor(BellazonExtractor):
 
     def posts(self):
         path, post_id = self.groups
-        page = self.request(f"{self.root}{path}").text
+        page = self.request(self.root + path).text
 
-        pos = page.find(f'id="elComment_{post_id}')
+        pos = page.find('id="elComment_' + post_id)
         if pos < 0:
             raise exception.NotFoundError("post")
         html = text.extract(page, "<article ", "</article>", pos-100)[0]
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/bilibili.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/bilibili.py
index fe10150f..d9a942df 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/bilibili.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/bilibili.py
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class BilibiliAPI():
             except Exception:
                 if "window._riskdata_" not in page:
                     raise exception.AbortExtraction(
-                        f"{article_id}: Unable to extract INITIAL_STATE data")
+                        article_id + ": Unable to extract INITIAL_STATE data")
             self.extractor.wait(seconds=300)
 
     def user_favlist(self):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/boosty.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/boosty.py
index 1e609770..01ecf59f 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/boosty.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/boosty.py
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ class BoostyAPI():
             params["offset"] = offset
 
     def dialog(self, dialog_id):
-        endpoint = f"/v1/dialog/{dialog_id}"
+        endpoint = "/v1/dialog/" + dialog_id
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def dialog_messages(self, dialog_id, limit=300, offset=None):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/booth.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/booth.py
index 3c000b19..c232c588 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/booth.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/booth.py
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class BoothShopExtractor(BoothExtractor):
         BoothExtractor.__init__(self, match)
 
     def shop_items(self):
-        return self._pagination(f"{self.root}/items")
+        return self._pagination(self.root + "/items")
 
 
 def _fallback(url):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/bunkr.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/bunkr.py
index 2696111c..2c08f003 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/bunkr.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/bunkr.py
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class BunkrAlbumExtractor(LolisafeAlbumExtractor):
                                  json={"id": data_id})
 
         if data.get("encrypted"):
-            key = f"SECRET_KEY_{data['timestamp'] // 3600}"
+            key = "SECRET_KEY_" + str(data["timestamp"] // 3600)
             file_url = util.decrypt_xor(data["url"], key.encode())
         else:
             file_url = data["url"]
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class BunkrMediaExtractor(BunkrAlbumExtractor):
 
     def fetch_album(self, album_id):
         try:
-            page = self.request(f"{self.root}{album_id}").text
+            page = self.request(self.root + album_id).text
             data_id = text.extr(page, 'data-file-id="', '"')
             file = self._extract_file(data_id)
             file["name"] = text.unquote(text.unescape(text.extr(
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/civitai.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/civitai.py
index 55702651..708f9595 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/civitai.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/civitai.py
@@ -580,10 +580,10 @@ class CivitaiUserCollectionsExtractor(CivitaiExtractor):
         params = self._parse_query(query)
         params["userId"] = self.api.user(text.unquote(user))[0]["id"]
 
-        base = f"{self.root}/collections/"
+        base = self.root + "/collections/"
         for collection in self.api.collections(params):
             collection["_extractor"] = CivitaiCollectionExtractor
-            yield Message.Queue, f"{base}{collection['id']}", collection
+            yield Message.Queue, base + str(collection["id"]), collection
 
 
 class CivitaiGeneratedExtractor(CivitaiExtractor):
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ class CivitaiGeneratedExtractor(CivitaiExtractor):
     subcategory = "generated"
     filename_fmt = "{filename}.{extension}"
     directory_fmt = ("{category}", "generated")
-    pattern = f"{BASE_PATTERN}/generate"
+    pattern = BASE_PATTERN + "/generate"
     example = "https://civitai.com/generate"
 
     def items(self):
@@ -647,12 +647,12 @@ class CivitaiRestAPI():
         })
 
     def model(self, model_id):
-        endpoint = f"/v1/models/{model_id}"
+        endpoint = "/v1/models/" + str(model_id)
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     @memcache(keyarg=1)
     def model_version(self, model_version_id):
-        endpoint = f"/v1/model-versions/{model_version_id}"
+        endpoint = "/v1/model-versions/" + str(model_version_id)
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def models(self, params):
@@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ class CivitaiSearchAPI():
 
         if auth := extractor.config("token"):
             if " " not in auth:
-                auth = f"Bearer {auth}"
+                auth = "Bearer " + auth
         else:
             auth = ("Bearer 8c46eb2508e21db1e9828a97968d"
                     "91ab1ca1caa5f70a00e88a2ba1e286603b61")
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/comick.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/comick.py
index 4742e694..c119b2e3 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/comick.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/comick.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ComickCoversExtractor(ComickBase, GalleryExtractor):
         covers.reverse()
 
         return [
-            (f"https://meo.comick.pictures/{cover['b2key']}", {
+            ("https://meo.comick.pictures/" + cover["b2key"], {
                 "id"    : cover["id"],
                 "width" : cover["w"],
                 "height": cover["h"],
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class ComickChapterExtractor(ComickBase, ChapterExtractor):
             return ()
 
         return [
-            (f"https://meo.comick.pictures/{img['b2key']}", {
+            ("https://meo.comick.pictures/" + img["b2key"], {
                 "width"    : img["w"],
                 "height"   : img["h"],
                 "size"     : img["s"],
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/common.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/common.py
index 13c7bbef..a6379a3e 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/common.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/common.py
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ class GalleryExtractor(Extractor):
         Extractor.__init__(self, match)
 
         if url is None and (path := self.groups[0]) and path[0] == "/":
-            self.page_url = f"{self.root}{path}"
+            self.page_url = self.root + path
         else:
             self.page_url = url
 
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ class MangaExtractor(Extractor):
         Extractor.__init__(self, match)
 
         if url is None and (path := self.groups[0]) and path[0] == "/":
-            self.page_url = f"{self.root}{path}"
+            self.page_url = self.root + path
         else:
             self.page_url = url
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/cyberfile.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/cyberfile.py
index 6af3fd23..49cc6db1 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/cyberfile.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/cyberfile.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class CyberfileExtractor(Extractor):
     root = "https://cyberfile.me"
 
     def request_api(self, endpoint, data):
-        url = f"{self.root}{endpoint}"
+        url = self.root + endpoint
         headers = {
             "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
             "Origin": self.root,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class CyberfileExtractor(Extractor):
             url, method="POST", headers=headers, data=data)
 
         if "albumPasswordModel" in resp.get("javascript", ""):
-            url_pw = f"{self.root}/ajax/folder_password_process"
+            url_pw = self.root + "/ajax/folder_password_process"
             data_pw = {
                 "folderPassword": self._get_auth_info(password=True)[1],
                 "folderId": text.extr(
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/danbooru.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/danbooru.py
index c036226e..588d94b5 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/danbooru.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/danbooru.py
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class DanbooruExtractor(BaseExtractor):
                 return
 
             if prefix:
-                params["page"] = f"{prefix}{posts[-1]['id']}"
+                params["page"] = prefix + str(posts[-1]["id"])
             elif params["page"]:
                 params["page"] += 1
             else:
@@ -174,9 +174,8 @@ class DanbooruExtractor(BaseExtractor):
         else:
             ext = data["ZIP:ZipFileName"].rpartition(".")[2]
 
-        fmt = ("{:>06}." + ext).format
         delays = data["Ugoira:FrameDelays"]
-        return [{"file": fmt(index), "delay": delay}
+        return [{"file": f"{index:>06}.{ext}", "delay": delay}
                 for index, delay in enumerate(delays)]
 
     def _collection_posts(self, cid, ctype):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/dandadan.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/dandadan.py
index 44db1606..9349d5fe 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/dandadan.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/dandadan.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class DandadanChapterExtractor(DandadanBase, ChapterExtractor):
         return {
             "manga"        : "Dandadan",
             "chapter"      : text.parse_int(chapter),
-            "chapter_minor": f"{sep}{minor}",
+            "chapter_minor": sep + minor,
             "lang"         : "en",
         }
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/dankefuerslesen.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/dankefuerslesen.py
index daed1abb..baebb6f3 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/dankefuerslesen.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/dankefuerslesen.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class DankefuerslesenChapterExtractor(DankefuerslesenBase, ChapterExtractor):
     def _init(self):
         self.zip = self.config("zip", False)
         if self.zip:
-            self.filename_fmt = f"{self.directory_fmt[-1]}.{{extension}}"
+            self.filename_fmt = self.directory_fmt[-1] + ".{extension}"
             self.directory_fmt = self.directory_fmt[:-1]
 
     def metadata(self, page):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/deviantart.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/deviantart.py
index 1554085a..0769c7ae 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/deviantart.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/deviantart.py
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class DeviantartExtractor(Extractor):
                 self.quality = "-fullview.png?"
                 self.quality_sub = text.re(r"-fullview\.[a-z0-9]+\?").sub
             else:
-                self.quality = f",q_{self.quality}"
+                self.quality = ",q_" + str(self.quality)
                 self.quality_sub = text.re(r",q_\d+").sub
 
         if self.intermediary:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/erome.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/erome.py
index 2f319ac8..d01d00a8 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/erome.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/erome.py
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ class EromeExtractor(Extractor):
     _cookies = True
 
     def items(self):
-        base = f"{self.root}/a/"
+        base = self.root + "/a/"
         data = {"_extractor": EromeAlbumExtractor}
         for album_id in self.albums():
-            yield Message.Queue, f"{base}{album_id}", data
+            yield Message.Queue, base + album_id, data
 
     def albums(self):
         return ()
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class EromeSearchExtractor(EromeExtractor):
     example = "https://www.erome.com/search?q=QUERY"
 
     def albums(self):
-        url = f"{self.root}/search"
+        url = self.root + "/search"
         params = text.parse_query(self.groups[0])
         return self._pagination(url, params)
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/facebook.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/facebook.py
index b27edee7..e8f7d863 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/facebook.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/facebook.py
@@ -237,16 +237,14 @@ class FacebookExtractor(Extractor):
 
         if res.url.startswith(self.root + "/login"):
             raise exception.AuthRequired(
-                message=(f"You must be logged in to continue viewing images."
-                         f"{LEFT_OFF_TXT}")
-            )
+                message=("You must be logged in to continue viewing images." +
+                         LEFT_OFF_TXT))
 
         if b'{"__dr":"CometErrorRoot.react"}' in res.content:
             raise exception.AbortExtraction(
-                f"You've been temporarily blocked from viewing images.\n"
-                f"Please try using a different account, "
-                f"using a VPN or waiting before you retry.{LEFT_OFF_TXT}"
-            )
+                "You've been temporarily blocked from viewing images.\n"
+                "Please try using a different account, "
+                "using a VPN or waiting before you retry." + LEFT_OFF_TXT)
 
         return res
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/fanbox.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/fanbox.py
index 355eb62e..5af60449 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/fanbox.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/fanbox.py
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ class FanboxExtractor(Extractor):
             url = (f"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/"
                    f"{content_id}/viewform?usp=sf_link")
         else:
-            self.log.warning(f"service not recognized: {provider}")
+            self.log.warning("service not recognized: %s", provider)
 
         if url:
             final_post["embed"] = embed
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/fansly.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/fansly.py
index 6a88328b..d57c8ca4 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/fansly.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/fansly.py
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class FanslyExtractor(Extractor):
 
             files.append({
                 "file": file,
-                "url": f"ytdl:{location['location']}",
+                "url": "ytdl:" + location["location"],
                 "_fallback": fallback,
                 "_ytdl_manifest":
                     "dash" if mime == "application/dash+xml" else "hls",
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class FanslyListExtractor(FanslyExtractor):
     example = "https://fansly.com/lists/1234567890"
 
     def items(self):
-        base = f"{self.root}/"
+        base = self.root + "/"
         for account in self.api.lists_itemsnew(self.groups[0]):
             account["_extractor"] = FanslyCreatorPostsExtractor
             url = f"{base}{account['username']}/posts"
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class FanslyListsExtractor(FanslyExtractor):
     example = "https://fansly.com/lists"
 
     def items(self):
-        base = f"{self.root}/lists/"
+        base = self.root + "/lists/"
         for list in self.api.lists_account():
             list["_extractor"] = FanslyListExtractor
             url = f"{base}{list['id']}#{list['label']}"
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ class FanslyAPI():
         return self._pagination(endpoint, params)
 
     def timeline_new(self, account_id, wall_id):
-        endpoint = f"/v1/timelinenew/{account_id}"
+        endpoint = "/v1/timelinenew/" + str(account_id)
         params = {
             "before"       : "0",
             "after"        : "0",
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/flickr.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/flickr.py
index 54920695..5071de7e 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/flickr.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/flickr.py
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ class FlickrAPI(oauth.OAuth1API):
         except ValueError:
             data = {"code": -1, "message": response.content}
         if "code" in data:
-            msg = data.get("message")
+            msg = data.get("message", "")
             self.log.debug("Server response: %s", data)
             if data["code"] == 1:
                 raise exception.NotFoundError(self.extractor.subcategory)
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class FlickrAPI(oauth.OAuth1API):
                 raise exception.AuthenticationError(msg)
             elif data["code"] == 99:
                 raise exception.AuthorizationError(msg)
-            raise exception.AbortExtraction(f"API request failed: {msg}")
+            raise exception.AbortExtraction("API request failed: " + msg)
         return data
 
     def _pagination(self, method, params, key="photos"):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/foolfuuka.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/foolfuuka.py
index 35ad1ebf..88053b4c 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/foolfuuka.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/foolfuuka.py
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class FoolfuukaGalleryExtractor(FoolfuukaExtractor):
         base = f"{self.root}/_/api/chan/gallery/?board={self.board}&page="
 
         for pnum in pages:
-            posts = self.request_json(f"{base}{pnum}")
+            posts = self.request_json(base + str(pnum))
             if not posts:
                 return
             yield from posts
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/furaffinity.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/furaffinity.py
index a3ce536f..0a046c93 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/furaffinity.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/furaffinity.py
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class FuraffinityUserExtractor(Dispatch, FuraffinityExtractor):
 
     def items(self):
         base = self.root
-        user = f"{self.user}/"
+        user = self.user + "/"
         return self._dispatch_extractors((
             (FuraffinityGalleryExtractor , f"{base}/gallery/{user}"),
             (FuraffinityScrapsExtractor  , f"{base}/scraps/{user}"),
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/girlsreleased.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/girlsreleased.py
index 55dd5b73..da1add92 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/girlsreleased.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/girlsreleased.py
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ class GirlsreleasedExtractor(Extractor):
 
     def items(self):
         data = {"_extractor": GirlsreleasedSetExtractor}
-        base = f"{self.root}/set/"
+        base = self.root + "/set/"
         for set in self._pagination():
-            yield Message.Queue, f"{base}{set[0]}", data
+            yield Message.Queue, base + set[0], data
 
     def _pagination(self):
         base = f"{self.root}/api/0.2/sets/{self._path}/{self.groups[0]}/page/"
         for pnum in itertools.count():
-            sets = self.request_json(f"{base}{pnum}")["sets"]
+            sets = self.request_json(base + str(pnum))["sets"]
             if not sets:
                 return
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/hitomi.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/hitomi.py
index b05a9a7b..fd3d00ed 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/hitomi.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/hitomi.py
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ class HitomiExtractor(Extractor):
             language = tag
             tag = "index"
         else:
-            ns = f"{ns}/"
+            ns += "/"
 
         url = (f"https://ltn.{self.domain}/n/{ns}"
                f"/{tag.replace('_', ' ')}-{language}.nozomi")
         if headers is None:
             headers = {}
         headers["Origin"] = self.root
-        headers["Referer"] = f"{self.root}/"
+        headers["Referer"] = self.root + "/"
         return decode_nozomi(self.request(url, headers=headers).content)
 
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/imagehosts.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/imagehosts.py
index 21e6cf8d..47dbc0f9 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/imagehosts.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/imagehosts.py
@@ -28,10 +28,7 @@ class ImagehostImageExtractor(Extractor):
 
     def __init__(self, match):
         Extractor.__init__(self, match)
-        if self.root:
-            self.page_url = f"{self.root}{match[1]}"
-        else:
-            self.page_url = f"http{'s' if self._https else ''}://{match[1]}"
+        self.page_url = (self.root or "https://") + match[1]
         self.token = match[2]
 
         if self._params == "simple":
@@ -461,8 +458,8 @@ class ImgdriveImageExtractor(ImagehostImageExtractor):
 
     def __init__(self, match):
         path, category, self.token = match.groups()
-        self.page_url = f"https://{path}"
-        self.category = f"img{category}"
+        self.page_url = "https://" + path
+        self.category = "img" + category
         Extractor.__init__(self, match)
 
     def get_info(self, page):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/imgbb.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/imgbb.py
index d9573288..ed06c1ca 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/imgbb.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/imgbb.py
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ class ImgbbAlbumExtractor(ImgbbExtractor):
                 'data-text="image-count">', "<")),
         }
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/json"
-        params["pathname"] = f"/album/{album['id']}"
+        url = self.root + "/json"
+        params["pathname"] = "/album/" + album["id"]
         return self._pagination(page, url, params)
 
 
@@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ class ImgbbUserExtractor(ImgbbExtractor):
 
         if response.status_code < 300:
             params["pathname"] = "/"
-            return self._pagination(response.text, f"{url}json", params)
+            return self._pagination(response.text, url + "json", params)
 
         if response.status_code == 301:
             raise exception.NotFoundError("user")
-        redirect = f"HTTP redirect to {response.headers.get('Location')}"
+        redirect = "HTTP redirect to " + response.headers.get("Location", "")
         if response.status_code == 302:
             raise exception.AuthRequired(
                 ("username & password", "authenticated cookies"),
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/imgpile.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/imgpile.py
index c991abed..c73926ac 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/imgpile.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/imgpile.py
@@ -22,9 +22,6 @@ class ImgpileExtractor(Extractor):
                      "{post[title]} ({post[id_slug]})")
     archive_fmt = "{post[id_slug]}_{id}"
 
-    def items(self):
-        pass
-
 
 class ImgpilePostExtractor(ImgpileExtractor):
     subcategory = "post"
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ class ImgpilePostExtractor(ImgpileExtractor):
                 "id_slug": text.extr(media, 'data-id="', '"'),
                 "id" : text.parse_int(text.extr(
                     media, 'data-media-id="', '"')),
-                "url": f"""http{text.extr(media, '<a href="http', '"')}""",
+                "url": "http" + text.extr(media, '<a href="http', '"'),
             })
         return files
 
@@ -82,13 +79,12 @@ class ImgpileUserExtractor(ImgpileExtractor):
     example = "https://imgpile.com/u/USER"
 
     def items(self):
-        url = f"{self.root}/api/v1/posts"
+        url = self.root + "/api/v1/posts"
         params = {
             "limit"     : "100",
             "sort"      : "latest",
             "period"    : "all",
             "visibility": "public",
-            #  "moderation_status": "approved",
             "username"  : self.groups[0],
         }
         headers = {
@@ -101,7 +97,7 @@ class ImgpileUserExtractor(ImgpileExtractor):
             "Sec-Fetch-Site": "same-origin",
         }
 
-        base = f"{self.root}/p/"
+        base = self.root + "/p/"
         while True:
             data = self.request_json(url, params=params, headers=headers)
 
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ class ImgpileUserExtractor(ImgpileExtractor):
 
             for item in data["data"]:
                 item["_extractor"] = ImgpilePostExtractor
-                url = f"{base}{item['slug']}"
+                url = base + item["slug"]
                 yield Message.Queue, url, item
 
             url = data["links"].get("next")
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/imgur.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/imgur.py
index 129b2514..d80caf60 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/imgur.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/imgur.py
@@ -269,11 +269,11 @@ class ImgurAPI():
         return self._pagination(endpoint, params)
 
     def gallery_subreddit(self, subreddit):
-        endpoint = f"/3/gallery/r/{subreddit}"
+        endpoint = "/3/gallery/r/" + subreddit
         return self._pagination(endpoint)
 
     def gallery_tag(self, tag):
-        endpoint = f"/3/gallery/t/{tag}"
+        endpoint = "/3/gallery/t/" + tag
         return self._pagination(endpoint, key="items")
 
     def image(self, image_hash):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/instagram.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/instagram.py
index d087b3d6..3eb33473 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/instagram.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/instagram.py
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ class InstagramStoriesTrayExtractor(InstagramExtractor):
     example = "https://www.instagram.com/stories/me/"
 
     def items(self):
-        base = f"{self.root}/stories/id:"
+        base = self.root + "/stories/id:"
         for story in self.api.reels_tray():
             story["date"] = self.parse_timestamp(story["latest_reel_media"])
             story["_extractor"] = InstagramStoriesExtractor
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/itaku.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/itaku.py
index 27bcf162..5e0afb32 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/itaku.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/itaku.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class ItakuExtractor(Extractor):
             for image in images:
                 image["date"] = self.parse_datetime_iso(image["date_added"])
                 for category, tags in image.pop("categorized_tags").items():
-                    image[f"tags_{category.lower()}"] = [
+                    image["tags_" + category.lower()] = [
                         t["name"] for t in tags]
                 image["tags"] = [t["name"] for t in image["tags"]]
 
@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ class ItakuExtractor(Extractor):
             return
 
         if users := self.users():
-            base = f"{self.root}/profile/"
+            base = self.root + "/profile/"
             for user in users:
-                url = f"{base}{user['owner_username']}"
+                url = base + user["owner_username"]
                 user["_extractor"] = ItakuUserExtractor
                 yield Message.Queue, url, user
             return
@@ -182,11 +182,11 @@ class ItakuUserExtractor(Dispatch, ItakuExtractor):
     def items(self):
         base = f"{self.root}/profile/{self.groups[0]}/"
         return self._dispatch_extractors((
-            (ItakuGalleryExtractor  , f"{base}gallery"),
-            (ItakuPostsExtractor    , f"{base}posts"),
-            (ItakuFollowersExtractor, f"{base}followers"),
-            (ItakuFollowingExtractor, f"{base}following"),
-            (ItakuStarsExtractor    , f"{base}stars"),
+            (ItakuGalleryExtractor  , base + "gallery"),
+            (ItakuPostsExtractor    , base + "posts"),
+            (ItakuFollowersExtractor, base + "followers"),
+            (ItakuFollowingExtractor, base + "following"),
+            (ItakuStarsExtractor    , base + "stars"),
         ), ("gallery",))
 
 
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class ItakuAPI():
 
     def __init__(self, extractor):
         self.extractor = extractor
-        self.root = f"{extractor.root}/api"
+        self.root = extractor.root + "/api"
         self.headers = {
             "Accept": "application/json, text/plain, */*",
         }
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class ItakuAPI():
 
     def _call(self, endpoint, params=None):
         if not endpoint.startswith("http"):
-            endpoint = f"{self.root}{endpoint}"
+            endpoint = self.root + endpoint
         return self.extractor.request_json(
             endpoint, params=params, headers=self.headers)
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/iwara.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/iwara.py
index 595c55fe..5a2049d7 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/iwara.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/iwara.py
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ class IwaraExtractor(Extractor):
                 continue
 
             yield Message.Directory, "", info
-            yield Message.Url, f"https:{download_url}", info
+            yield Message.Url, "https:" + download_url, info
 
     def items_user(self, users, key=None):
-        base = f"{self.root}/profile/"
+        base = self.root + "/profile/"
         for user in users:
             if key is not None:
                 user = user[key]
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class IwaraExtractor(Extractor):
                 continue
             user["type"] = "user"
             user["_extractor"] = IwaraUserExtractor
-            yield Message.Queue, f"{base}{username}", user
+            yield Message.Queue, base + username, user
 
     def items_by_type(self, type, results):
         if type == "image":
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ class IwaraUserExtractor(Dispatch, IwaraExtractor):
     def items(self):
         base = f"{self.root}/profile/{self.groups[0]}/"
         return self._dispatch_extractors((
-            (IwaraUserImagesExtractor   , f"{base}images"),
-            (IwaraUserVideosExtractor   , f"{base}videos"),
-            (IwaraUserPlaylistsExtractor, f"{base}playlists"),
+            (IwaraUserImagesExtractor   , base + "images"),
+            (IwaraUserVideosExtractor   , base + "videos"),
+            (IwaraUserPlaylistsExtractor, base + "playlists"),
         ), ("user-images", "user-videos"))
 
 
@@ -196,12 +196,12 @@ class IwaraUserPlaylistsExtractor(IwaraExtractor):
     example = "https://www.iwara.tv/profile/USERNAME/playlists"
 
     def items(self):
-        base = f"{self.root}/playlist/"
+        base = self.root + "/playlist/"
 
         for playlist in self.api.playlists(self._user_params()[1]):
             playlist["type"] = "playlist"
             playlist["_extractor"] = IwaraPlaylistExtractor
-            url = f"{base}{playlist['id']}"
+            url = base + playlist["id"]
             yield Message.Queue, url, playlist
 
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class IwaraAPI():
     def __init__(self, extractor):
         self.extractor = extractor
         self.headers = {
-            "Referer"     : f"{extractor.root}/",
+            "Referer"     : extractor.root + "/",
             "Content-Type": "application/json",
             "Origin"      : extractor.root,
         }
@@ -308,15 +308,15 @@ class IwaraAPI():
             self.authenticate = util.noop
 
     def image(self, image_id):
-        endpoint = f"/image/{image_id}"
+        endpoint = "/image/" + image_id
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def video(self, video_id):
-        endpoint = f"/video/{video_id}"
+        endpoint = "/video/" + video_id
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def playlist(self, playlist_id):
-        endpoint = f"/playlist/{playlist_id}"
+        endpoint = "/playlist/" + playlist_id
         return self._pagination(endpoint)
 
     def detail(self, media):
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ class IwaraAPI():
 
     @memcache(keyarg=1)
     def profile(self, username):
-        endpoint = f"/profile/{username}"
+        endpoint = "/profile/" + username
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def user_following(self, user_id):
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ class IwaraAPI():
         if refresh_token is None:
             self.extractor.log.info("Logging in as %s", username)
 
-            url = f"{self.root}/user/login"
+            url = self.root + "/user/login"
             json = {
                 "email"   : username,
                 "password": self.password
@@ -403,15 +403,15 @@ class IwaraAPI():
 
         self.extractor.log.info("Refreshing access token for %s", username)
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/user/token"
-        headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {refresh_token}", **self.headers}
+        url = self.root + "/user/token"
+        headers = {"Authorization": "Bearer " + refresh_token, **self.headers}
         data = self.extractor.request_json(
             url, method="POST", headers=headers, fatal=False)
 
         if not (access_token := data.get("accessToken")):
             self.extractor.log.debug(data)
             raise exception.AuthenticationError(data.get("message"))
-        return f"Bearer {access_token}"
+        return "Bearer " + access_token
 
     def _call(self, endpoint, params=None, headers=None):
         if headers is None:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/kabeuchi.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/kabeuchi.py
index 88f2e327..e41e9b0e 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/kabeuchi.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/kabeuchi.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class KabeuchiUserExtractor(Extractor):
         return self._pagination(target_id)
 
     def _pagination(self, target_id):
-        url = f"{self.root}/get_posts.php"
+        url = self.root + "/get_posts.php"
         data = {
             "user_id"    : "0",
             "target_id"  : target_id,
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/kemono.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/kemono.py
index d58ef757..a001d106 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/kemono.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/kemono.py
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class KemonoExtractor(Extractor):
         username = username[0]
         self.log.info("Logging in as %s", username)
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/api/v1/authentication/login"
+        url = self.root + "/api/v1/authentication/login"
         data = {"username": username, "password": password}
 
         response = self.request(url, method="POST", json=data, fatal=False)
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ class KemonoDiscordExtractor(KemonoExtractor):
                 attachment["type"] = "attachment"
                 files.append(attachment)
             for path in find_inline(post["content"] or ""):
-                files.append({"path": f"https://cdn.discordapp.com{path}",
+                files.append({"path": "https://cdn.discordapp.com" + path,
                               "name": path, "type": "inline", "hash": ""})
 
             post.update(data)
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ class KemonoAPI():
 
     def __init__(self, extractor):
         self.extractor = extractor
-        self.root = f"{extractor.root}/api"
+        self.root = extractor.root + "/api"
         self.headers = {"Accept": "text/css"}
 
     def posts(self, offset=0, query=None, tags=None):
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ class KemonoAPI():
         return self._pagination(endpoint, params, 50, "posts")
 
     def file(self, file_hash):
-        endpoint = f"/v1/file/{file_hash}"
+        endpoint = "/v1/file/" + file_hash
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def creators(self):
@@ -643,18 +643,18 @@ class KemonoAPI():
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def discord_channel(self, channel_id, post_count=None):
-        endpoint = f"/v1/discord/channel/{channel_id}"
+        endpoint = "/v1/discord/channel/" + channel_id
         if post_count is None:
             return self._pagination(endpoint, {}, 150)
         else:
             return self._pagination_reverse(endpoint, {}, 150, post_count)
 
     def discord_channel_lookup(self, server_id):
-        endpoint = f"/v1/discord/channel/lookup/{server_id}"
+        endpoint = "/v1/discord/channel/lookup/" + server_id
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def discord_server(self, server_id):
-        endpoint = f"/v1/discord/server/{server_id}"
+        endpoint = "/v1/discord/server/" + server_id
         return self._call(endpoint)
 
     def account_favorites(self, type):
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ class KemonoAPI():
             headers = {**self.headers, **headers}
 
         return self.extractor.request_json(
-            f"{self.root}{endpoint}", params=params, headers=headers,
+            self.root + endpoint, params=params, headers=headers,
             encoding="utf-8", fatal=fatal)
 
     def _pagination(self, endpoint, params, batch=50, key=None):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/leakgallery.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/leakgallery.py
index 8d24afca..d119ac6b 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/leakgallery.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/leakgallery.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class LeakgalleryExtractor(Extractor):
             else:
                 media["creator"] = creator
 
-            media["url"] = url = f"https://cdn.leakgallery.com/{path}"
+            media["url"] = url = "https://cdn.leakgallery.com/" + path
             text.nameext_from_url(url, media)
             yield Message.Directory, "", media
             yield Message.Url, url, media
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class LeakgalleryExtractor(Extractor):
     def _pagination(self, type, base, params=None, creator=None, pnum=1):
         while True:
             try:
-                data = self.request_json(f"{base}{pnum}", params=params)
+                data = self.request_json(base + str(pnum), params=params)
 
                 if not data:
                     return
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/madokami.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/madokami.py
index b429b40e..0b90e8ef 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/madokami.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/madokami.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class MadokamiMangaExtractor(MadokamiExtractor):
             else:
                 ch["volume"] = ch["chapter"] = ch["chapter_end"] = 0
 
-            url = f"{self.root}{ch['path']}"
+            url = self.root + ch["path"]
             text.nameext_from_url(url, ch)
 
             yield Message.Directory, "", ch
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangadex.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangadex.py
index 98e8317f..12e5f8d5 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangadex.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangadex.py
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class MangadexExtractor(Extractor):
             "title"   : cattributes["title"],
             "volume"  : text.parse_int(cattributes["volume"]),
             "chapter" : text.parse_int(chnum),
-            "chapter_minor": f"{sep}{minor}",
+            "chapter_minor": sep + minor,
             "chapter_id": chapter["id"],
             "date"    : self.parse_datetime_iso(cattributes["publishAt"]),
             "group"   : [group["attributes"]["name"]
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class MangadexCoversExtractor(MangadexExtractor):
             text.nameext_from_url(name, data)
             data["cover_id"] = data["filename"]
             yield Message.Directory, "", data
-            yield Message.Url, f"{base}{name}", data
+            yield Message.Url, base + name, data
 
     def _transform_cover(self, cover):
         relationships = defaultdict(list)
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ class MangadexChapterExtractor(MangadexExtractor):
 
         enum = util.enumerate_reversed if self.config(
             "page-reverse") else enumerate
-        for data["page"], page in enum(chapter[key], 1):
-            text.nameext_from_url(page, data)
-            yield Message.Url, f"{base}{page}", data
+        for data["page"], path in enum(chapter[key], 1):
+            text.nameext_from_url(path, data)
+            yield Message.Url, base + path, data
 
 
 class MangadexMangaExtractor(MangadexExtractor):
@@ -253,22 +253,22 @@ class MangadexAPI():
                      else text.ensure_http_scheme(server).rstrip("/"))
 
     def athome_server(self, uuid):
-        return self._call(f"/at-home/server/{uuid}")
+        return self._call("/at-home/server/" + uuid)
 
     def author(self, uuid, manga=False):
         params = {"includes[]": ("manga",)} if manga else None
-        return self._call(f"/author/{uuid}", params)["data"]
+        return self._call("/author/" + uuid, params)["data"]
 
     def chapter(self, uuid):
         params = {"includes[]": ("scanlation_group",)}
-        return self._call(f"/chapter/{uuid}", params)["data"]
+        return self._call("/chapter/" + uuid, params)["data"]
 
     def covers_manga(self, uuid):
         params = {"manga[]": uuid}
         return self._pagination_covers("/cover", params)
 
     def list(self, uuid):
-        return self._call(f"/list/{uuid}", None, True)["data"]
+        return self._call("/list/" + uuid, None, True)["data"]
 
     def list_feed(self, uuid):
         return self._pagination_chapters(f"/list/{uuid}/feed", None, True)
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class MangadexAPI():
     @memcache(keyarg=1)
     def manga(self, uuid):
         params = {"includes[]": ("artist", "author")}
-        return self._call(f"/manga/{uuid}", params)["data"]
+        return self._call("/manga/" + uuid, params)["data"]
 
     def manga_author(self, uuid_author):
         params = {"authorOrArtist": uuid_author}
@@ -339,17 +339,17 @@ class MangadexAPI():
             _refresh_token_cache.update(
                 (username, "personal"), data["refresh_token"])
 
-        return f"Bearer {access_token}"
+        return "Bearer " + access_token
 
     @cache(maxage=900, keyarg=1)
     def _authenticate_impl_legacy(self, username, password):
         if refresh_token := _refresh_token_cache(username):
             self.extractor.log.info("Refreshing access token")
-            url = f"{self.root}/auth/refresh"
+            url = self.root + "/auth/refresh"
             json = {"token": refresh_token}
         else:
             self.extractor.log.info("Logging in as %s", username)
-            url = f"{self.root}/auth/login"
+            url = self.root + "/auth/login"
             json = {"username": username, "password": password}
 
         self.extractor.log.debug("Using legacy login method")
@@ -360,10 +360,10 @@ class MangadexAPI():
 
         if refresh_token != data["token"]["refresh"]:
             _refresh_token_cache.update(username, data["token"]["refresh"])
-        return f"Bearer {data['token']['session']}"
+        return "Bearer " + data["token"]["session"]
 
     def _call(self, endpoint, params=None, auth=False):
-        url = f"{self.root}{endpoint}"
+        url = self.root + endpoint
         headers = self.headers_auth if auth else self.headers
 
         while True:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangafire.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangafire.py
index ac8b3970..8db91b32 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangafire.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangafire.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class MangafireMangaExtractor(MangafireBase, MangaExtractor):
         chapters = _manga_chapters(self, (manga_id, "chapter", lang))
 
         return [
-            (f"""{self.root}{text.extr(anchor, 'href="', '"')}""", {
+            (self.root + text.extr(anchor, 'href="', '"'), {
                 **manga,
                 **_chapter_info(anchor),
             })
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def _chapter_info(info):
     chapter, sep, minor = text.extr(info, 'data-number="', '"').partition(".")
     return {
         "chapter"       : text.parse_int(chapter),
-        "chapter_minor" : f"{sep}{minor}",
+        "chapter_minor" : sep + minor,
         "chapter_string": chapter_info,
         "chapter_id"    : text.parse_int(text.extr(info, 'data-id="', '"')),
         "title"         : text.unescape(text.extr(info, 'title="', '"')),
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangahere.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangahere.py
index 9b3a3a14..f0cc9280 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangahere.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangahere.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class MangahereChapterExtractor(MangahereBase, ChapterExtractor):
     def __init__(self, match):
         self.part, self.volume, self.chapter = match.groups()
         self.base = f"{self.root_mobile}/manga/{self.part}/"
-        ChapterExtractor.__init__(self, match, f"{self.base}1.html")
+        ChapterExtractor.__init__(self, match, self.base + "1.html")
 
     def _init(self):
         self.session.headers["Referer"] = self.root_mobile + "/"
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangareader.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangareader.py
index 21a59bdf..c786c994 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangareader.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangareader.py
@@ -138,9 +138,9 @@ def _manga_info(self, manga_path):
             current[chap] = {
                 "title"         : name.partition(":")[2].strip(),
                 "chapter"       : text.parse_int(chapter),
-                "chapter_minor" : f"{sep}{minor}",
+                "chapter_minor" : sep + minor,
                 "chapter_string": chap,
-                "chapter_url"   : f"{base}{path}",
+                "chapter_url"   : base + path,
                 "lang"          : lang,
             }
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def _manga_info(self, manga_path):
                 "chapter"       : 0,
                 "chapter_minor" : "",
                 "chapter_string": voln,
-                "chapter_url"   : f"{base}{path}",
+                "chapter_url"   : base + path,
                 "lang"          : lang,
             }
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangataro.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangataro.py
index 089d0827..7d9c1260 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/mangataro.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/mangataro.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class MangataroMangaExtractor(MangataroBase, MangaExtractor):
             results.append((url, {
                 **manga,
                 "chapter"      : text.parse_int(chapter),
-                "chapter_minor": f".{minor}" if sep else "",
+                "chapter_minor": "." + minor if sep else "",
                 "chapter_id"   : text.parse_int(chapter_id),
             }))
         return results
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/moebooru.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/moebooru.py
index 27704bcf..083c4215 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/moebooru.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/moebooru.py
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class MoebooruTagExtractor(MoebooruExtractor):
 
     def posts(self):
         params = {"tags": self.tags}
-        return self._pagination(f"{self.root}/post.json", params)
+        return self._pagination(self.root + "/post.json", params)
 
 
 class MoebooruPoolExtractor(MoebooruExtractor):
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class MoebooruPoolExtractor(MoebooruExtractor):
 
     def posts(self):
         params = {"tags": "pool:" + self.pool_id}
-        return self._pagination(f"{self.root}/post.json", params)
+        return self._pagination(self.root + "/post.json", params)
 
 
 class MoebooruPostExtractor(MoebooruExtractor):
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class MoebooruPostExtractor(MoebooruExtractor):
 
     def posts(self):
         params = {"tags": "id:" + self.groups[-1]}
-        return self.request_json(f"{self.root}/post.json", params=params)
+        return self.request_json(self.root + "/post.json", params=params)
 
 
 class MoebooruPopularExtractor(MoebooruExtractor):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/motherless.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/motherless.py
index d864573d..7d5d3197 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/motherless.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/motherless.py
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ class MotherlessExtractor(Extractor):
             title = self._extract_group_title(page, gid)
 
         return {
-            f"{category}_id": gid,
-            f"{category}_title": title,
+            category + "_id": gid,
+            category + "_title": title,
             "uploader": text.remove_html(extr(
                 f'class="{category}-member-username">', "</")),
             "count": text.parse_int(
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/naverblog.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/naverblog.py
index cc96e099..24707f78 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/naverblog.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/naverblog.py
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class NaverBlogBlogExtractor(NaverBlogBase, Extractor):
         )
 
         # setup params for API calls
-        url = f"{self.root}/PostViewBottomTitleListAsync.nhn"
+        url = self.root + "/PostViewBottomTitleListAsync.nhn"
         params = {
             "blogId"             : self.blog_id,
             "logNo"              : post_num or "0",
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/newgrounds.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/newgrounds.py
index d9cb9f7c..f1a07b3e 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/newgrounds.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/newgrounds.py
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ class NewgroundsFavoriteExtractor(NewgroundsExtractor):
     def _extract_favorites(self, page):
         return [
             self.root + path
-            for path in text.extract_iter(page, f'href="{self.root}', '"')
+            for path in text.extract_iter(page, 'href="' + self.root, '"')
         ]
 
 
@@ -519,7 +519,6 @@ class NewgroundsFollowingExtractor(NewgroundsFavoriteExtractor):
     subcategory = "following"
     pattern = (USER_PATTERN + r"/favorites/(following)"
                r"(?:(?:/page/|/?\?page=)(\d+))?")
-
     example = "https://USER.newgrounds.com/favorites/following"
 
     def items(self):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/nijie.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/nijie.py
index e6884019..181d54d6 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/nijie.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/nijie.py
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class NijieExtractor(AsynchronousMixin, BaseExtractor):
     def _login_impl(self, username, password):
         self.log.info("Logging in as %s", username)
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/login_int.php"
+        url = self.root + "/login_int.php"
         data = {"email": username, "password": password, "save": "on"}
 
         response = self.request(url, method="POST", data=data)
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/paheal.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/paheal.py
index d56331f7..be22dea5 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/paheal.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/paheal.py
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class PahealTagExtractor(PahealExtractor):
 
         while True:
             try:
-                page = self.request(f"{base}{pnum}").text
+                page = self.request(base + str(pnum)).text
             except exception.HttpError as exc:
                 if exc.status == 404:
                     return
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/patreon.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/patreon.py
index 12dfd48e..cdfda0f2 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/patreon.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/patreon.py
@@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ class PatreonExtractor(Extractor):
                 order = "-published_at"
             elif order in {"a", "asc", "r", "reverse"}:
                 order = "published_at"
-            return f"&sort={order}"
-        return f"&sort={sort}" if sort else ""
+            return "&sort=" + order
+        return "&sort=" + sort if sort else ""
 
     def _build_file_generators(self, filetypes):
         if filetypes is None:
@@ -382,8 +382,8 @@ class PatreonCollectionExtractor(PatreonExtractor):
             elif order in {"d", "desc", "r", "reverse"}:
                 # "-collection_order" results in a '400 Bad Request' error
                 order = "-published_at"
-            return f"&sort={order}"
-        return f"&sort={sort}" if sort else ""
+            return "&sort=" + order
+        return "&sort=" + sort if sort else ""
 
 
 class PatreonCreatorExtractor(PatreonExtractor):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/philomena.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/philomena.py
index 7665250a..2f52b9ab 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/philomena.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/philomena.py
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class PhilomenaGalleryExtractor(PhilomenaExtractor):
             raise exception.NotFoundError("gallery")
 
     def posts(self):
-        gallery_id = f"gallery_id:{self.groups[-1]}"
+        gallery_id = "gallery_id:" + self.groups[-1]
         params = {"sd": "desc", "sf": gallery_id, "q": gallery_id}
         return self.api.search(params)
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/pixiv.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/pixiv.py
index 73fa5398..d51f8c79 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/pixiv.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/pixiv.py
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ class PixivFavoriteExtractor(PixivExtractor):
         for preview in self.api.user_following(self.user_id, restrict):
             user = preview["user"]
             user["_extractor"] = PixivUserExtractor
-            url = f"https://www.pixiv.net/users/{user['id']}"
+            url = "https://www.pixiv.net/users/" + str(user["id"])
             yield Message.Queue, url, user
 
 
@@ -1302,7 +1302,7 @@ class PixivAppAPI():
             msg = (f"'{msg}'" if (msg := error.get("user_message")) else
                    f"'{msg}'" if (msg := error.get("message")) else
                    error)
-            raise exception.AbortExtraction(f"API request failed: {msg}")
+            raise exception.AbortExtraction("API request failed: " + msg)
 
     def _pagination(self, endpoint, params,
                     key_items="illusts", key_data=None, key_user=None):
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/poipiku.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/poipiku.py
index 641bf713..23f3b54e 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/poipiku.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/poipiku.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class PoipikuExtractor(Extractor):
 
         for post_url in self.posts():
             if post_url[0] == "/":
-                post_url = f"{self.root}{post_url}"
+                post_url = self.root + post_url
             page = self.request(post_url).text
             extr = text.extract_from(page)
             parts = post_url.rsplit("/", 2)
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class PoipikuExtractor(Extractor):
         return files
 
     def _show_illust_detail(self, post):
-        url = f"{self.root}/f/ShowIllustDetailF.jsp"
+        url = self.root + "/f/ShowIllustDetailF.jsp"
         data = {
             "ID" : post["user_id"],
             "TD" : post["post_id"],
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class PoipikuExtractor(Extractor):
             interval=False)
 
     def _show_append_file(self, post):
-        url = f"{self.root}/f/ShowAppendFileF.jsp"
+        url = self.root + "/f/ShowAppendFileF.jsp"
         data = {
             "UID": post["user_id"],
             "IID": post["post_id"],
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class PoipikuUserExtractor(PoipikuExtractor):
     def posts(self):
         pnum, user_id = self.groups
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/IllustListPcV.jsp"
+        url = self.root + "/IllustListPcV.jsp"
         params = {
             "PG" : text.parse_int(pnum, 0),
             "ID" : user_id,
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/rawkuma.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/rawkuma.py
index e32d527d..4a115493 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/rawkuma.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/rawkuma.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class RawkumaMangaExtractor(RawkumaBase, MangaExtractor):
         manga = text.unescape(text.extr(page, "<title>", " &#8211; "))
         manga_id = text.parse_int(text.extr(page, "manga_id=", "&"))
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"
+        url = self.root + "/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"
         params = {
             "manga_id": manga_id,
             "page"    : "1",
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/realbooru.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/realbooru.py
index 04a98b41..3454340c 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/realbooru.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/realbooru.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class RealbooruExtractor(booru.BooruExtractor):
             tags.append(tag)
             tags_categories[tag_type].append(tag)
         for key, value in tags_categories.items():
-            post[f"tags_{key}"] = ", ".join(value)
+            post["tags_" + key] = ", ".join(value)
         tags.sort()
 
         post["tags"] = ", ".join(tags)
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/reddit.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/reddit.py
index cc73e474..a8bde87d 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/reddit.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/reddit.py
@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ class RedditExtractor(Extractor):
                     self.log.debug(src)
             elif url := data.get("dashUrl"):
                 submission["_ytdl_manifest"] = "dash"
-                yield f"ytdl:{url}"
+                yield "ytdl:" + url
             elif url := data.get("hlsUrl"):
                 submission["_ytdl_manifest"] = "hls"
-                yield f"ytdl:{url}"
+                yield "ytdl:" + url
 
     def _extract_video_ytdl(self, submission):
         return "https://www.reddit.com" + submission["permalink"]
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ class RedditAPI():
         return "Bearer " + data["access_token"]
 
     def _call(self, endpoint, params):
-        url = f"{self.root}{endpoint}"
+        url = self.root + endpoint
         params["raw_json"] = "1"
 
         while True:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/redgifs.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/redgifs.py
index 164fdf49..de8b82e6 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/redgifs.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/redgifs.py
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class RedgifsCollectionsExtractor(RedgifsExtractor):
     def items(self):
         base = f"{self.root}/users/{self.key}/collections/"
         for collection in self.api.collections(self.key):
-            url = f"{base}{collection['folderId']}"
+            url = base + collection["folderId"]
             collection["_extractor"] = RedgifsCollectionExtractor
             yield Message.Queue, url, collection
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/rule34xyz.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/rule34xyz.py
index 8174313a..b395f03f 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/rule34xyz.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/rule34xyz.py
@@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ class Rule34xyzExtractor(BooruExtractor):
     def _login_impl(self, username, password):
         self.log.info("Logging in as %s", username)
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/api/v2/auth/signin"
+        url = self.root + "/api/v2/auth/signin"
         data = {"email": username, "password": password}
         response = self.request_json(
             url, method="POST", json=data, fatal=False)
 
         if jwt := response.get("jwt"):
-            return f"Bearer {jwt}"
+            return "Bearer " + jwt
         raise exception.AuthenticationError(
             (msg := response.get("message")) and f'"{msg}"')
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/s3ndpics.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/s3ndpics.py
index 39a30d08..7eeeece9 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/s3ndpics.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/s3ndpics.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class S3ndpicsExtractor(Extractor):
     """Base class for s3ndpics extractors"""
     category = "s3ndpics"
     root = "https://s3nd.pics"
-    root_api = f"{root}/api"
+    root_api = root + "/api"
     directory_fmt = ("{category}", "{user[username]}",
                      "{date} {title:?/ /}({id})")
     filename_fmt = "{num:>02}.{extension}"
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class S3ndpicsExtractor(Extractor):
                 post["type"] = file["type"]
                 path = file["url"]
                 text.nameext_from_url(path, post)
-                yield Message.Url, f"{base}{path}", post
+                yield Message.Url, base + path, post
 
     def _pagination(self, url, params):
         params["page"] = 1
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class S3ndpicsUserExtractor(S3ndpicsExtractor):
         url = f"{self.root_api}/users/username/{self.groups[0]}"
         self.kwdict["user"] = user = self.request_json(url)["user"]
 
-        url = f"{self.root_api}/posts"
+        url = self.root_api + "/posts"
         params = {
             "userId": user["_id"],
             "limit" : "12",
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class S3ndpicsSearchExtractor(S3ndpicsExtractor):
     example = "https://s3nd.pics/search?QUERY"
 
     def posts(self):
-        url = f"{self.root_api}/posts"
+        url = self.root_api + "/posts"
         params = text.parse_query(self.groups[0])
         params.setdefault("limit", "20")
         self.kwdict["search_tags"] = \
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/sankaku.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/sankaku.py
index 1df62bbe..f8fe9106 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/sankaku.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/sankaku.py
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class SankakuBooksExtractor(SankakuExtractor):
         params = {"tags": self.tags, "pool_type": "0"}
         for pool in self.api.pools_keyset(params):
             pool["_extractor"] = SankakuPoolExtractor
-            url = f"https://sankaku.app/books/{pool['id']}"
+            url = "https://sankaku.app/books/" + pool["id"]
             yield Message.Queue, url, pool
 
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/schalenetwork.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/schalenetwork.py
index 26d0cc96..30e57bc0 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/schalenetwork.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/schalenetwork.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class SchalenetworkExtractor(Extractor):
 
     def _token(self, required=True):
         if token := self.config("token"):
-            return f"Bearer {token.rpartition(' ')[2]}"
+            return "Bearer " + token.rpartition(' ')[2]
         if required:
             raise exception.AuthRequired("'token'", "your favorites")
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class SchalenetworkGalleryExtractor(SchalenetworkExtractor, GalleryExtractor):
         if self.config("cbz", False):
             headers["Authorization"] = self._token()
             dl = self.request_json(
-                f"{url}&action=dl", method="POST", headers=headers)
+                url + "&action=dl", method="POST", headers=headers)
             # 'crt' parameter here is necessary for 'hdoujin' downloads
             url = f"{dl['base']}?crt={self._crt()}"
             info = text.nameext_from_url(url)
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class SchalenetworkFavoriteExtractor(SchalenetworkExtractor):
         params = text.parse_query(self.groups[1])
         params["page"] = text.parse_int(params.get("page"), 1)
         self.headers["Authorization"] = self._token()
-        return self._pagination(f"/books/favorites?crt={self._crt()}", params)
+        return self._pagination("/books/favorites?crt=" + self._crt(), params)
 
 
 SchalenetworkExtractor.extr_class = SchalenetworkGalleryExtractor
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/sexcom.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/sexcom.py
index 5fdbae47..417538cd 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/sexcom.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/sexcom.py
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ class SexcomFeedExtractor(SexcomExtractor):
     def pins(self):
         if not self.cookies_check(("sess_sex",)):
             self.log.warning("no 'sess_sex' cookie set")
-        url = f"{self.root}/feed/"
+        url = self.root + "/feed/"
         return self._pagination(url)
 
 
@@ -341,10 +341,10 @@ class SexcomSearchExtractor(SexcomExtractor):
                     pin["type"] = "gif"
                     if gifs and pin["extension"] == "webp":
                         pin["extension"] = "gif"
-                        pin["_fallback"] = (f"{root}{path}",)
-                        path = f"{path[:-4]}gif"
+                        pin["_fallback"] = (root + path,)
+                        path = path[:-4] + "gif"
 
-                pin["url"] = f"{root}{path}"
+                pin["url"] = root + path
                 yield Message.Directory, "", pin
                 yield Message.Url, pin["url"], pin
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/subscribestar.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/subscribestar.py
index 96e8a5b5..df82ff69 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/subscribestar.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/subscribestar.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class SubscribestarExtractor(Extractor):
                     text.nameext_from_url(url, item)
 
                 if url[0] == "/":
-                    url = f"{self.root}{url}"
+                    url = self.root + url
                 yield Message.Url, url, item
 
     def posts(self):
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class SubscribestarExtractor(Extractor):
                     "/verify_subscriber" in response.url or
                     "/age_confirmation_warning" in response.url):
                 raise exception.AbortExtraction(
-                    f"HTTP redirect to {response.url}")
+                    "HTTP redirect to " + response.url)
 
             content = response.content
             if len(content) < 250 and b">redirected<" in content:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/thehentaiworld.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/thehentaiworld.py
index 4c207d67..f1b4ee34 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/thehentaiworld.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/thehentaiworld.py
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ class ThehentaiworldExtractor(Extractor):
         post["tags"] = tags_list = []
         for key, value in tags.items():
             tags_list.extend(value)
-            post[f"tags_{key}" if key else "tags_general"] = value
+            post["tags_" + key if key else "tags_general"] = value
 
         return post
 
     def _pagination(self, endpoint):
-        base = f"{self.root}{endpoint}"
+        base = self.root + endpoint
         pnum = self.page_start
 
         while True:
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/tsumino.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/tsumino.py
index 1ccdafb1..2ac7e42f 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/tsumino.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/tsumino.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class TsuminoBase():
     @cache(maxage=14*86400, keyarg=1)
     def _login_impl(self, username, password):
         self.log.info("Logging in as %s", username)
-        url = f"{self.root}/Account/Login"
+        url = self.root + "/Account/Login"
         headers = {"Referer": url}
         data = {"Username": username, "Password": password}
 
@@ -119,9 +119,9 @@ class TsuminoSearchExtractor(TsuminoBase, Extractor):
 
     def galleries(self):
         """Return all gallery results matching 'self.query'"""
-        url = f"{self.root}/Search/Operate?type=Book"
+        url = self.root + "/Search/Operate?type=Book"
         headers = {
-            "Referer": f"{self.root}/",
+            "Referer": self.root + "/",
             "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
         }
         data = {
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/tumblr.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/tumblr.py
index fb8fb3d3..bd274168 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/tumblr.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/tumblr.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TumblrExtractor(Extractor):
 
     def _init(self):
         if name := self.groups[1]:
-            self.blog = f"{name}.tumblr.com"
+            self.blog = name + ".tumblr.com"
         else:
             self.blog = self.groups[0] or self.groups[2]
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/twitter.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/twitter.py
index 801c5222..739400b4 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/twitter.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/twitter.py
@@ -730,19 +730,19 @@ class TwitterUserExtractor(Dispatch, TwitterExtractor):
     def items(self):
         user, user_id = self.groups
         if user_id is not None:
-            user = f"id:{user_id}"
+            user = "id:" + user_id
 
         base = f"{self.root}/{user}/"
         return self._dispatch_extractors((
-            (TwitterInfoExtractor      , f"{base}info"),
-            (TwitterAvatarExtractor    , f"{base}photo"),
-            (TwitterBackgroundExtractor, f"{base}header_photo"),
-            (TwitterTimelineExtractor  , f"{base}timeline"),
-            (TwitterTweetsExtractor    , f"{base}tweets"),
-            (TwitterMediaExtractor     , f"{base}media"),
-            (TwitterRepliesExtractor   , f"{base}with_replies"),
-            (TwitterHighlightsExtractor, f"{base}highlights"),
-            (TwitterLikesExtractor     , f"{base}likes"),
+            (TwitterInfoExtractor      , base + "info"),
+            (TwitterAvatarExtractor    , base + "photo"),
+            (TwitterBackgroundExtractor, base + "header_photo"),
+            (TwitterTimelineExtractor  , base + "timeline"),
+            (TwitterTweetsExtractor    , base + "tweets"),
+            (TwitterMediaExtractor     , base + "media"),
+            (TwitterRepliesExtractor   , base + "with_replies"),
+            (TwitterHighlightsExtractor, base + "highlights"),
+            (TwitterLikesExtractor     , base + "likes"),
         ), ("timeline",))
 
 
@@ -1990,10 +1990,10 @@ class TwitterAPI():
                             extr.log.info("Retrying API request as guest")
                             continue
                         raise exception.AuthorizationError(
-                            f"{user['screen_name']} blocked your account")
+                            user["screen_name"] + " blocked your account")
                     elif user.get("protected"):
                         raise exception.AuthorizationError(
-                            f"{user['screen_name']}'s Tweets are protected")
+                            user["screen_name"] + "'s Tweets are protected")
 
                 raise exception.AbortExtraction(
                     "Unable to retrieve Tweets from this timeline")
@@ -2042,7 +2042,7 @@ class TwitterAPI():
                     pinned = None
                 elif pinned := extr._user_obj["legacy"].get(
                         "pinned_tweet_ids_str"):
-                    pinned = f"-tweet-{pinned[0]}"
+                    pinned = "-tweet-" + pinned[0]
                     for idx, entry in enumerate(tweets):
                         if entry["entryId"].endswith(pinned):
                             # mark as pinned / set 'pinned = True'
@@ -2248,7 +2248,7 @@ class TwitterAPI():
     def _update_variables_search(self, variables, cursor, tweet):
         try:
             tweet_id = tweet.get("id_str") or tweet["legacy"]["id_str"]
-            max_id = f"max_id:{int(tweet_id)-1}"
+            max_id = "max_id:" + str(int(tweet_id)-1)
 
             query, n = text.re(r"\bmax_id:\d+").subn(
                 max_id, variables["rawQuery"])
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/vipergirls.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/vipergirls.py
index cce22d04..39817632 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/vipergirls.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/vipergirls.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class VipergirlsExtractor(Extractor):
     def _login_impl(self, username, password):
         self.log.info("Logging in as %s", username)
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/login.php?do=login"
+        url = self.root + "/login.php?do=login"
         data = {
             "vb_login_username": username,
             "vb_login_password": password,
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/vk.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/vk.py
index bd4ec633..ea422651 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/vk.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/vk.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class VkExtractor(Extractor):
                 url, method="POST", headers=headers, data=data)
             if response.history and "/challenge.html" in response.url:
                 raise exception.AbortExtraction(
-                    f"HTTP redirect to 'challenge' page:\n{response.url}")
+                    "HTTP redirect to 'challenge' page:\n" + response.url)
 
             payload = response.json()["payload"][1]
             if len(payload) < 4:
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class VkTaggedExtractor(VkExtractor):
         self.user_id = match[1]
 
     def photos(self):
-        return self._pagination(f"tag{self.user_id}")
+        return self._pagination("tag" + self.user_id)
 
     def metadata(self):
         return {"user": {"id": self.user_id}}
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/vsco.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/vsco.py
index 847a6b0f..6046a78c 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/vsco.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/vsco.py
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class VscoGalleryExtractor(VscoExtractor):
         tkn = data["users"]["currentUser"]["tkn"]
         sid = str(data["sites"]["siteByUsername"][self.user]["site"]["id"])
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/api/3.0/medias/profile"
+        url = self.root + "/api/3.0/medias/profile"
         params = {
             "site_id"  : sid,
             "limit"    : "14",
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/wallhaven.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/wallhaven.py
index 9ea3c364..3025c566 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/wallhaven.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/wallhaven.py
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class WallhavenCollectionsExtractor(WallhavenExtractor):
         base = f"{self.root}/user/{self.username}/favorites/"
         for collection in self.api.collections(self.username):
             collection["_extractor"] = WallhavenCollectionExtractor
-            url = f"{base}{collection['id']}"
+            url = base + str(collection["id"])
             yield Message.Queue, url, collection
 
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/weibo.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/weibo.py
index 16c76ac6..c7217d5d 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/weibo.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/weibo.py
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ class WeiboExtractor(Extractor):
                 if not url:
                     continue
                 if url.startswith("http:"):
-                    url = f"https:{url[5:]}"
+                    url = "https:" + url[5:]
                 if "filename" not in file:
                     text.nameext_from_url(url, file)
                     if file["extension"] == "json":
                         file["extension"] = "mp4"
                 if file["extension"] == "m3u8":
-                    url = f"ytdl:{url}"
+                    url = "ytdl:" + url
                     file["_ytdl_manifest"] = "hls"
                     file["extension"] = "mp4"
                 num += 1
@@ -307,11 +307,11 @@ class WeiboUserExtractor(WeiboExtractor):
     def items(self):
         base = f"{self.root}/u/{self._user_id()}?tabtype="
         return Dispatch._dispatch_extractors(self, (
-            (WeiboHomeExtractor    , f"{base}home"),
-            (WeiboFeedExtractor    , f"{base}feed"),
-            (WeiboVideosExtractor  , f"{base}video"),
-            (WeiboNewvideoExtractor, f"{base}newVideo"),
-            (WeiboAlbumExtractor   , f"{base}album"),
+            (WeiboHomeExtractor    , base + "home"),
+            (WeiboFeedExtractor    , base + "feed"),
+            (WeiboVideosExtractor  , base + "video"),
+            (WeiboNewvideoExtractor, base + "newVideo"),
+            (WeiboAlbumExtractor   , base + "album"),
         ), ("feed",))
 
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/wikimedia.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/wikimedia.py
index a700e00f..aa19fdb8 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/wikimedia.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/wikimedia.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class WikimediaExtractor(BaseExtractor):
     def _init(self):
         if api_path := self.config_instance("api-path"):
             if api_path[0] == "/":
-                self.api_url = f"{self.root}{api_path}"
+                self.api_url = self.root + api_path
             else:
                 self.api_url = api_path
         else:
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class WikimediaExtractor(BaseExtractor):
     def _search_api_path(self, root):
         self.log.debug("Probing possible API endpoints")
         for path in ("/api.php", "/w/api.php", "/wiki/api.php"):
-            url = f"{root}{path}"
+            url = root + path
             response = self.request(url, method="HEAD", fatal=None)
             if response.status_code < 400:
                 return url
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ class WikimediaExtractor(BaseExtractor):
                 yield Message.Url, image["url"], image
 
         if self.subcategories:
-            base = f"{self.root}/wiki/"
+            base = self.root + "/wiki/"
             params["gcmtype"] = "subcat"
             for subcat in self._pagination(params):
-                url = f"{base}{subcat['title'].replace(' ', '_')}"
+                url = base + subcat["title"].replace(" ", "_")
                 subcat["_extractor"] = WikimediaArticleExtractor
                 yield Message.Queue, url, subcat
 
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/xenforo.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/xenforo.py
index fb68332f..37dc653a 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/xenforo.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/xenforo.py
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class XenforoExtractor(BaseExtractor):
     def _login_impl(self, username, password):
         self.log.info("Logging in as %s", username)
 
-        url = f"{self.root}/login/login"
+        url = self.root + "/login/login"
         page = self.request(url).text
         data = {
             "_xfToken": text.extr(page, 'name="_xfToken" value="', '"'),
@@ -140,10 +140,10 @@ class XenforoExtractor(BaseExtractor):
         }
 
     def _pagination(self, base, pnum=None):
-        base = f"{self.root}{base}"
+        base = self.root + base
 
         if pnum is None:
-            url = f"{base}/"
+            url = base + "/"
             pnum = 1
         else:
             url = f"{base}/page-{pnum}"
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class XenforoExtractor(BaseExtractor):
             url = f"{base}/page-{pnum}"
 
     def _pagination_reverse(self, base, pnum=None):
-        base = f"{self.root}{base}"
+        base = self.root + base
 
         url = f"{base}/page-{'9999' if pnum is None else pnum}"
         with self.request_page(url) as response:
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class XenforoExtractor(BaseExtractor):
             if pnum > 1:
                 url = f"{base}/page-{pnum}"
             elif pnum == 1:
-                url = f"{base}/"
+                url = base + "/"
             else:
                 return
 
@@ -345,4 +345,4 @@ class XenforoForumExtractor(XenforoExtractor):
         pnum = self.groups[-1]
         for page in self._pagination(path, pnum):
             for path in extract_threads(page):
-                yield Message.Queue, f"{self.root}{text.unquote(path)}", data
+                yield Message.Queue, self.root + text.unquote(path), data
diff --git a/gallery_dl/extractor/xvideos.py b/gallery_dl/extractor/xvideos.py
index 6c016ecf..6f64c864 100644
--- a/gallery_dl/extractor/xvideos.py
+++ b/gallery_dl/extractor/xvideos.py
@@ -117,5 +117,5 @@ class XvideosUserExtractor(XvideosBase, Extractor):
 
         base = f"{self.root}/profiles/{self.user}/photos/"
         for gallery in galleries:
-            url = f"{base}{gallery['id']}"
+            url = base + str(gallery["id"])
             yield Message.Queue, url, gallery